Which innovative subscription model from the 1700s helped expand access to literature by allowing middle-class readers to borrow books for a small fee?

Before digital platforms revolutionized how we consume literature, subscription-based book services existed in various forms throughout history. This poll explores an interesting fact about one of the earliest successful subscription models in the literary world that helped democratize access to literature and shaped reading habits. Test your knowledge about how book access has evolved over time!

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Circulating libraries, which charged membership fees and allowed patrons to borrow books that would otherwise be too expensive to purchase
Book clubs run by publishers that delivered a new release to subscribers' homes each month
Literary salons where subscribers paid to attend readings and discussions of new works
Manuscript subscription services where readers pre-paid for hand-copied books before printing