Which ancient civilization first used merchant seals as an early form of brand identity to guarantee product authenticity and quality?

Before modern shopping malls and e-commerce platforms, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated retail systems and brand identities. From Mesopotamian merchant seals to Roman product endorsements, the foundations of modern brand identity were established thousands of years ago. This poll explores how ancient merchants differentiated their products and built consumer trust through early branding techniques - practices that continue to influence modern marketing strategies.

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Mesopotamia (3500 BCE)
Ancient Egypt (2500 BCE)
Ancient Greece (800 BCE)
Roman Empire (100 CE)