Which mathematical technique, adopted by major retailers around 2010, dramatically improved predictive analytics by processing unstructured data and identifying hidden patterns in customer behavior?

The retail industry has been transformed by advanced mathematical analytics, helping businesses make data-driven decisions about inventory, pricing, and customer behavior. Behind these powerful retail analytics tools are sophisticated mathematical models and algorithms. This trivia question explores a significant mathematical innovation that revolutionized retail analytics and changed how businesses understand their customers.

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Tensor Flow-based neural networks
Bayesian probability forecasting
Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations
Euclidean distance clustering algorithms