Which mathematical algorithm revolutionized retail personalization by enabling Amazon's 'Customers Who Bought This Also Bought' recommendation system?

The retail industry increasingly relies on mathematical algorithms to optimize customer experiences and maximize profits. Advanced mathematical models can predict consumer behavior, personalize recommendations, and optimize pricing strategies. How well do you know the mathematical innovations that power modern retail personalization?

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Matrix Factorization
Monte Carlo Simulation
Euclidean Clustering
Bayesian Networks