Which scientific retail innovation was first successfully deployed to track in-store customer movement patterns without requiring any customer opt-in or smartphone interaction?

The intersection of science and retail has led to groundbreaking innovations in how stores operate and collect data. From AI-powered inventory management to biometric payment systems, scientific advancements are transforming the retail landscape. This trivia question explores a significant technological breakthrough that changed how retailers understand customer behavior in physical spaces.

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Computer vision heat-mapping systems that anonymously track customer traffic patterns
RFID-enabled shopping carts that monitor shopping journey duration
Bluetooth beacon networks that detect customer smartphones
Pressure-sensitive floor tiles that count footsteps throughout the store