Which retail design technique, based on consumer psychology, is known as 'the Gruen transfer' or 'the Gruen effect'?

Retail spaces are carefully engineered to influence consumer behavior through subtle psychological techniques. From the layout of stores to the placement of products, retailers employ various strategies based on consumer psychology research to maximize sales and enhance the shopping experience. This poll tests your knowledge about one of the lesser-known but highly effective psychological tactics used in modern retail environments.

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The deliberate disorientation of shoppers through layout design to encourage impulse purchases
The strategic placement of essential items at the back of stores to increase exposure to other products
The use of red price tags to create a sense of urgency and better deals
The implementation of slower background music to increase browsing time and purchase consideration