Which mathematical algorithm, originally developed for Netflix's recommendation system, became a retail industry standard that transformed how companies like Amazon and Walmart personalize shopping experiences?

In the intersection of mathematics and retail, certain innovations have dramatically transformed how companies analyze customer behavior and optimize their operations. This trivia question focuses on a groundbreaking algorithmic approach that revolutionized personalization in the retail industry, fundamentally changing how major companies predict customer preferences and make product recommendations.

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Matrix Factorization/SVD (Singular Value Decomposition)
K-Means Clustering
Apriori Association Rules
Random Forest Classification