Which mathematical algorithm is MOST commonly used as the foundation for collaborative filtering in retail recommendation systems?

Recommendation systems are a critical component of modern retail, helping customers discover products they might like based on their browsing history, purchases, and similar customers' behaviors. These systems rely heavily on mathematical concepts and algorithms. This poll tests your knowledge about the mathematical foundations that power retail recommendation engines that have transformed the e-commerce landscape.

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Matrix Factorization
Euler's Method
Bayesian Networks
Monte Carlo Simulations