Which retail innovation from the 1980s is considered the precursor to modern customer demographic tracking and big data analytics in retail?

As retail evolved through the centuries, so did the methods of understanding customer behavior. From ancient market observations to modern big data analytics, retailers have always sought ways to better understand their customers. This trivia question explores a pivotal moment in retail analytics history that changed how businesses approach customer demographics and behavior tracking.

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Introduction of store loyalty cards with magnetic strips that tracked purchase patterns
Implementation of RFID tags on high-value merchandise
Development of the first electronic point-of-sale (EPOS) systems
Invention of mall intercept surveys for immediate customer feedback