Which analytics innovation first allowed political campaigns to create individual-level predictive models of voter behavior beyond traditional demographic targeting?

Political campaigns have dramatically transformed how they engage with voters through sophisticated analytics and data science. Modern political operations now employ many of the same customer analytics techniques used in retail to identify, segment, and target potential voters. This poll explores how data-driven approaches have changed political campaigning and voter outreach strategies in recent elections.

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Microtargeting through consumer data integration
Social media sentiment analysis
Geographic information systems (GIS)
Exit poll statistical modeling