Which retail technology innovation, first implemented in 1974, used a standardized pattern of black bars and white spaces to revolutionize inventory tracking and checkout efficiency?

The retail landscape has undergone dramatic technological transformations throughout history. Before the digital revolution we know today, several pivotal technological advancements fundamentally changed how stores operated and how consumers shopped. Test your knowledge of retail technology history with this question about a revolutionary system that transformed inventory management and checkout processes worldwide.

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Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode system
Electronic point-of-sale (EPOS) terminals
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags
Magnetic stripe card readers