Which geographic technology first revolutionized retail location analytics in the 1990s, allowing businesses to map customer demographics against store locations?

Retailers today rely heavily on geographic data analytics to make strategic decisions about store locations, customer targeting, and market expansion. This sophisticated approach to retail geography has revolutionized how businesses understand their market presence and consumer behavior. But do you know which pioneering technology first enabled retailers to precisely analyze geographic data for business intelligence?

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Global Positioning System (GPS) Consumer Devices
Google Earth Satellite Imagery
Digital Elevation Models (DEM)