Which ancient retail innovation, developed in the Roman Empire around 100 CE, is considered the world's first shopping mall?

Before modern shopping malls and e-commerce platforms, ancient civilizations had sophisticated retail systems that laid the groundwork for commerce as we know it today. From Mesopotamian bazaars to Roman shopping complexes, retail history stretches back thousands of years. This trivia question explores how ancient merchants packaged and presented their goods to consumers in one of history's most influential commercial centers.

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Trajan's Market, a multi-level complex with over 150 shops and offices
The Agora of Athens, an open marketplace with standardized merchant stalls
The Grand Bazaar of Babylon, with its covered arcades and luxury goods sections
The Egyptian Emporium of Memphis, featuring the first known retail loyalty program