Which e-commerce innovation in the arts & literature industry first allowed self-published authors to directly sell e-books to readers, bypassing traditional publishing gatekeepers?

The publishing industry has undergone dramatic transformations with the rise of e-commerce platforms. From physical bookstores to online marketplaces, the way readers discover and purchase literature has evolved significantly. This trivia question explores a pivotal moment in this digital transformation that forever changed how authors connect with audiences and how books are marketed and sold.

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Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP)
Barnes & Noble's NOOK Press
Apple's iBooks Author
Smashwords