Which ancient civilization pioneered the first known form of brand strategy by marking their goods with distinctive symbols that identified the merchant or workshop of origin?

Before digital marketers and global brands, ancient civilizations had their own sophisticated methods of product promotion and trade. From Phoenician merchant marks to Roman advertising techniques, marketing has ancient roots. This trivia poll explores how ancient civilizations used early forms of branding and marketing strategies that would eventually evolve into practices we recognize today.

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The Phoenicians, who marked their trading goods with unique symbols to distinguish their high-quality products across Mediterranean markets
The Mayans, who developed elaborate pictographs to denote royal craftsmen whose goods were considered superior and commanded higher prices
The Ancient Egyptians, who used hieroglyphic seals to indicate which temple workshop had produced ritual objects and luxury items
The Mesopotamians, who created clay tablets with distinct merchant symbols to guarantee the authenticity of goods in long-distance trade