Which historical subscription model, popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, is considered a precursor to modern subscription services and dramatically increased access to books and knowledge?

Before modern subscription boxes and digital streaming services, there were innovative subscription models that changed how people accessed products throughout history. This poll tests your knowledge of how subscription commerce evolved from its earliest days to become a cornerstone of retail strategy. Can you identify the pioneering subscription model that revolutionized access to knowledge in the 18th and 19th centuries?

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Circulating libraries, where members paid a subscription fee to borrow books that were otherwise too expensive to purchase
The Book-of-the-Month Club, which began in 1653 and delivered selected volumes to subscribers' homes monthly
Newspaper reading rooms, where people paid annual fees to read international publications without purchasing them
Royal society memberships, which provided exclusive access to scientific publications and artifacts for a yearly fee