Which mathematical modeling approach first enabled large-scale retail chains to implement dynamic pricing based on real-time demand forecasting in the early 2000s?

In the world of mathematics and retail analytics, powerful algorithms have transformed how businesses understand consumer behavior and optimize operations. Statistical models that once took days to run now power real-time decision systems. This trivia question focuses on a pivotal mathematical innovation that revolutionized retail analytics capabilities. Test your knowledge about the intersection of advanced mathematics and retail business intelligence!

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Bayesian Networks with hierarchical temporal structures
Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations
Neural network regression with convolutional layers
Support Vector Machines with polynomial kernels