Which mathematical technique is NOT commonly used in retail recommendation algorithms?

Personalization has become a cornerstone of modern retail strategy, with mathematics driving the algorithms behind product recommendations. These sophisticated systems analyze customer behavior patterns, purchase history, and browsing data to create tailored shopping experiences. How well do you understand the mathematical foundations that power today's retail personalization engines?

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Markov Decision Processes
Fourier Transform Analysis
Collaborative Filtering
K-Means Clustering