Which 19th century retail innovation first introduced the concept of 'open display' merchandising, allowing customers to browse and touch products without salesperson assistance?

Before department stores transformed urban shopping, retail was a very different experience. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw innovations that would forever change how consumers interacted with products and brands. This poll explores a pivotal moment in retail history that shaped modern consumer culture and established principles still used in visual merchandising and store design today.

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Bon Marché in Paris (1852)
Marshall Field's in Chicago (1865)
Macy's in New York (1858)
Selfridges in London (1909)