Which ancient civilization pioneered the use of 'brand seals' on products as a consumer trust mechanism, essentially creating one of the first brand loyalty systems in retail history?

The marketplaces of ancient civilizations were bustling centers of commerce with sophisticated consumer behaviors and retail practices. From the Agoras of Greece to the Forums of Rome and the bazaars of Mesopotamia, ancient retailers developed surprisingly modern techniques to attract customers. This poll explores how ancient civilizations approached retail customer journeys and consumer behavior strategies that would seem familiar even to today's marketing professionals.

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Ancient Egypt, where royal seals on goods indicated pharaonic approval
Mesopotamia, where cylinder seals were used by merchants to mark authentic goods
Ancient Rome, where merchant guilds stamped products with their insignia
Ancient Greece, where city-states created pottery marks to verify origin