Which innovative mobile commerce strategy did 'Fortnite' pioneer that changed how games approach in-app purchases and customer loyalty?

The gaming industry has pioneered innovative customer loyalty and monetization strategies through in-app purchases and virtual economies. This trivia question explores how game developers have revolutionized mobile commerce within virtual worlds, creating new paradigms for digital retail that traditional businesses now study and adopt. Test your knowledge about how the gaming industry has transformed digital purchasing behaviors!

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The Battle Pass subscription model, offering seasonal rewards and progression tiers instead of randomized loot boxes
The Gacha system, where players spend currency to receive randomized virtual items of varying rarity
The Energy system, requiring players to wait or pay to continue playing after depleting a limited resource
The Guild Commerce system, where player organizations collectively purchase and distribute virtual items