Which of these retail innovations was FIRST developed to systematically track and analyze in-store customer movement patterns?

The intersection of technology and retail has transformed how businesses understand customer behavior. Throughout history, various innovations have revolutionized how retailers analyze consumer psychology and shopping patterns. This poll tests your knowledge of groundbreaking retail analytics innovations that changed how businesses understand consumer behavior and decision-making processes. Can you identify which pioneering technology first enabled retailers to systematically track and analyze in-store customer journey patterns?

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Heatmap tracking technology (1999)
RFID inventory tracking (2003)
Facial recognition demographic analysis (2007)
Mobile phone signal triangulation (2005)