Which mathematical technique is most commonly used in e-commerce recommendation systems to identify patterns in customer purchasing behavior?

In the competitive world of online retail, advanced mathematics powers the recommendation algorithms that boost sales and customer retention. These algorithms analyze customer behavior patterns, purchase history, and browsing data to create personalized shopping experiences. How well do you understand the mathematical foundations behind the e-commerce platforms that shape modern retail experiences?

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Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
Fourier Transform Analysis
Differential Calculus
Boolean Algebra