Which gaming retail innovation first popularized the 'games as a service' business model that now dominates the industry?

The gaming retail landscape has undergone dramatic transformations in recent years. Physical game stores have adapted to digital distribution, while new monetization models have emerged. This poll tests your knowledge about a pivotal shift in gaming retail strategy that changed how games are sold and distributed worldwide. Do you know your gaming retail history?

This is a live public trivia poll on AIPolls.Net. Vote and see real-time results.

Valve's Steam platform introducing digital distribution and automatic updates (2003)
Riot Games' free-to-play model with microtransactions for League of Legends (2009)
Microsoft's Xbox Live subscription service for online gaming (2002)
Electronic Arts' Origin platform offering game trials and early access (2011)