Which invention, first used commercially in 1974, revolutionized retail operations by enabling automated checkout and inventory tracking?

Throughout history, technological inventions have dramatically transformed the retail landscape. These innovations have changed not only how we shop but also how retailers understand consumer behavior. This trivia question focuses on a pivotal retail technology that revolutionized inventory management and consumer data collection, representing one of the most significant intersections of invention and retail operations in the 20th century.

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Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode
Electronic point-of-sale (EPOS) system
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag
Electronic shelf label (ESL)