Which psychological principle is NOT commonly used in the design of retail loyalty programs?

Loyalty programs have become a cornerstone of modern retail strategy, with companies investing billions to keep customers coming back. Behind these programs lies sophisticated behavioral economics and customer psychology. Test your knowledge about what makes these programs tick and how retailers design them to maximize customer retention and spending.

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The endowed progress effect, where customers are given a head start toward a goal (e.g., 500 points upon signup)
Loss aversion, where the fear of losing benefits (like status levels) motivates continued spending
The Hawthorne effect, where customers spend more when they know their purchasing behavior is being specifically monitored
The goal gradient effect, where customers accelerate their purchasing as they get closer to a reward threshold