Which mathematical modeling technique was crucial in identifying the impending collapse of Toys 'R' Us nearly 2 years before it filed for bankruptcy?

Major retailers invest heavily in predictive analytics to avoid business failure. Mathematical models can identify warning signs years before a retail collapse becomes evident to consumers or investors. This poll tests your knowledge about how mathematics has been applied to analyze notable retail failures and the key indicators that mathematical models flagged before these companies collapsed.

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Markov Decision Process analysis of inventory turnover rates
Bayesian Network modeling of debt-to-operational cash flow ratios
Monte Carlo simulations of customer acquisition costs
Neural network forecasting of seasonal sales fluctuations