Which product development innovation did ancient Egyptian merchants use to establish brand positioning and customer loyalty in international trade around 1500 BCE?

While we often think of branding and product development as modern concepts, ancient civilizations pioneered sophisticated retail strategies thousands of years ago. From standardized packaging in Mesopotamia to luxury brand positioning in Rome, ancient merchants understood the value of product differentiation and customer loyalty. This trivia question explores how ancient Egyptian merchants innovated in product development and brand positioning to distinguish their merchandise in competitive marketplaces.

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Stamping pottery with distinctive maker's marks that indicated origin, quality, and authenticity
Creating loyalty papyrus scrolls that customers could redeem for discounts on future purchases
Developing the first retail sentiment analysis by collecting customer feedback using clay tablets
Establishing the world's first innovation lab where merchants could test new product designs with focus groups