Why was the day after Thanksgiving first called "Black Friday" in the retail world?

Black Friday has become one of the biggest shopping events worldwide, generating billions in sales and creating cultural phenomena like doorbusting and camping outside stores. But this retail juggernaut had humble beginnings before evolving into the global shopping festival we know today. Test your knowledge about how this massive retail event got its name and origin story!

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Because retailers' accounting books went from 'red' (loss) to 'black' (profit) due to holiday shopping surge
Because of the dark crowds that formed outside stores in the early morning hours
Because it was originally a day of stock market crashes in the 1950s before retailers reclaimed the term
Because Philadelphia police coined it to describe the chaotic traffic and crowds on post-Thanksgiving shopping day