Which subscription model generated the highest revenue for scientific publishers in 2023?

Academic publishing has evolved dramatically in the digital age, with various subscription models reshaping how scientific knowledge is distributed. Major scientific journals employ different approaches to monetization, balancing open access principles with financial sustainability. This poll tests your knowledge of the economic realities behind scientific journal subscription models that impact researchers, institutions, and the advancement of science itself.

This is a live public trivia poll on AIPolls.Net. Vote and see real-time results.

Hybrid Open Access (where journals charge both subscription fees to institutions and additional fees to make individual articles open access)
Full Open Access (where all articles are freely available and publication is funded by article processing charges paid by authors/institutions)
Traditional Subscription (where institutions pay annual fees for access, but authors publish for free)
Transformative Agreements (where institutions pay a single fee covering both subscription access and open access publishing for affiliated authors)