Which retail location strategy is known as the 'clustering effect' or 'retail gravitation' in geographic retail expansion?

Retail companies carefully analyze geographic data when planning new store locations. This trivia question explores how major retailers use geographic information systems (GIS) and location intelligence to make strategic expansion decisions. Understanding these patterns can reveal fascinating insights about consumer behavior, market saturation, and retail growth strategies across different regions.

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Placing stores in areas with minimal competition to maximize market share
Deliberately positioning multiple stores or retail brands near each other to increase overall customer traffic
Opening stores exclusively in high-income neighborhoods to target affluent consumers
Establishing locations only along major transportation routes to maximize visibility