Which product design innovation in scientific instruments led to the concept of 'modular laboratory systems' that dramatically improved workflow efficiency in the 1980s?

The scientific instrument market has seen remarkable innovations in product design over the decades. These tools have transformed how researchers conduct experiments and analyze data. This trivia question focuses on a significant product design advancement that revolutionized laboratory efficiency. Test your knowledge about how scientific instruments have evolved to meet the changing needs of researchers and the impact of user-centered design in scientific equipment.

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The introduction of interchangeable analytical cartridges that could be swapped without recalibrating the entire system
The integration of vacuum tube technology that allowed for multiple simultaneous analyses
The development of single-use disposable laboratory equipment that eliminated cross-contamination
The implementation of hydraulic automation systems that replaced manual sample handling