Which mathematical concept fundamentally transformed e-commerce product recommendation systems and is credited with increasing Amazon's sales by approximately 35%?

In today's digital marketplace, sophisticated mathematical algorithms power the shopping experiences we take for granted. From personalized recommendations to dynamic pricing, mathematics drives the modern e-commerce ecosystem. This poll tests your knowledge about how specific mathematical concepts are applied in leading online retail platforms to enhance customer experience and drive sales. Can you identify which mathematical approach revolutionized product recommendations?

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Boolean algebra for search optimization
Markov chain analysis for user navigation
Monte Carlo simulations for inventory management