Which mathematical innovation most significantly transformed retail big data analytics, enabling complex consumer behavior prediction models?

In the intersection of mathematics and retail analytics, certain innovations have transformed how businesses understand consumer behavior. While many tools exist today, one particular development revolutionized how mathematicians approach retail data analysis, enabling the complex consumer behavior predictions that power modern recommendation engines. Test your knowledge about this transformative technology that bridges pure mathematics with practical retail applications.

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Tensor Factorization Algorithms
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods
Convolutional Neural Networks
Support Vector Machines