Which geographic retail analytics approach is known as 'gravity modeling' in location-based retail strategy?

In today's global retail landscape, understanding the geographic patterns of consumer behavior is crucial for effective retail strategies. This poll tests your knowledge about how geography influences retail analytics and decision-making. Different regions have distinct shopping patterns, seasonal trends, and cultural preferences that shape retail success. How well do you understand the intersection of geography and retail analytics?

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Analyzing how customer purchasing power decreases with increasing distance from a retail location
Mapping customer density based on satellite imagery of parking lot occupancy
Correlating retail performance with local elevation and topography
Measuring the magnetic field variations caused by customer movement patterns in stores