Which mathematical technique did Amazon first implement in 1998 that revolutionized product recommendations and is now a standard in retail analytics?

Modern retail giants leverage sophisticated mathematical algorithms to transform their customer engagement strategies. These mathematical models can predict customer behavior, optimize pricing, and personalize shopping experiences. This trivia focuses on how a famous retail giant revolutionized its operations through advanced mathematical applications.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Neural network-based deep learning for image recognition
Bayesian inference models for inventory management
Monte Carlo simulations for price optimization