Which retail technology advancement was first widely adopted by political campaigns to transform voter targeting during the 2008 US Presidential Election?

The intersection of politics and technology has transformed how candidates reach voters and manage campaigns. From early television ads to sophisticated data analytics and AI-powered targeting, campaign technology has evolved dramatically. This trivia question focuses on a significant retail technology advancement that revolutionized political campaign operations in recent years.

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Microtargeting algorithms originally developed for retail customer segmentation
Blockchain-based donation processing systems
Augmented reality campaign rally experiences
NFC-enabled campaign literature and yard signs