Which mathematical technique is most commonly used in retail big data systems to identify hidden patterns in customer purchasing behavior?

In the intersection of mathematics and retail, data analytics has revolutionized how businesses understand customer behavior. Mathematical models drive everything from inventory optimization to personalized marketing. This trivia question explores how mathematical concepts are applied in modern retail big data systems to gain competitive advantages and enhance the customer experience.

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Cluster analysis
Differential calculus
Trigonometric functions
Euclidean geometry