In the 18th-19th centuries, which subscription-based business model revolutionized access to literature for the middle class?

Before digital subscriptions dominated our economy, subscription models had already revolutionized certain industries centuries ago. This poll explores a fascinating historical subscription model that changed how people accessed culture and knowledge. Test your understanding of how subscription commerce evolved through history and shaped consumer behavior long before Netflix and Spotify.

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Circulating libraries (where members paid a subscription fee to borrow books)
Book-of-the-Month Guild (where subscribers received a new publication monthly)
Penny Universities (where subscribers paid to join intellectual coffee house discussions)
Literary Societies (where members paid dues for access to exclusive publications)