Which ancient Roman retail innovation is considered the first example of a 'franchise' business model in history?

The ancient world had its own version of retail and branding, with some products and establishments becoming famous across civilizations. Many ancient products and 'brands' had remarkable staying power, with some businesses operating continuously for centuries. This poll tests your knowledge of retail history in ancient civilizations and the marketing approaches that allowed certain products to achieve enduring success across generations.

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The thermopolium food stalls that used standardized designs and menus across the Empire
The argentarii banking system that operated under imperial license
The Appian Way roadside inns (mansiones) that displayed the imperial eagle
The collegia system of merchant guilds with standardized quality seals