Which architect is credited with designing the first fully enclosed, climate-controlled shopping mall in the United States, revolutionizing retail architecture?

Modern retail architecture has transformed how we shop and interact with commercial spaces. One of the most influential retail architectural innovations was the enclosed shopping mall. Test your knowledge about the origins of this architectural retail concept that forever changed consumer behavior and commercial design principles. The answer might surprise even seasoned architects and retail designers!

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Victor Gruen, who designed Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota (1956)
Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed Market Square in Lake Forest, Illinois (1949)
I.M. Pei, who designed Roosevelt Field Mall in Garden City, New York (1962)
John Graham Jr., who designed Northgate Mall in Seattle, Washington (1950)