Which mathematical technique is most commonly used in modern retail supply chains for determining optimal inventory levels while balancing stockout risk and holding costs?

In modern retail supply chain management, mathematical modeling plays a crucial role in optimizing operations and reducing costs. Advanced algorithms and mathematical techniques help retailers make data-driven decisions about inventory levels, distribution routes, and demand forecasting. This poll tests your knowledge of how mathematical concepts are applied in contemporary retail supply chain management systems.

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Stochastic programming models with recourse
Simple linear regression forecasting
Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation
Basic moving average calculations