Which mathematical technique revolutionized retail personalization by enabling Amazon to create its famous 'customers who bought this also bought' recommendation system?

When mathematics meets retail marketing, powerful analytical tools emerge. In today's data-driven retail environment, mathematical models help optimize everything from pricing to personalization. But how well do you know the specific mathematical techniques that have revolutionized the retail industry? Test your knowledge of the intersection between advanced mathematics and retail strategy with this challenging question!

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian inference through Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Reinforcement learning with Q-learning algorithms
Neural network-based deep learning with convolutional layers