Which pricing strategy was first implemented to make expensive specialty medications more accessible by spreading the financial risk across healthcare stakeholders?

The pricing of medications and medical devices presents unique challenges in healthcare retail. Beyond standard market factors, pharmaceutical pricing must navigate complex ethical considerations, insurance systems, government regulations, and patient access needs. This poll tests your knowledge of innovative pricing strategies that have emerged to balance profitability with healthcare accessibility.

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Value-based pricing, where medication costs are tied directly to measurable patient outcomes
Risk-sharing agreements, where pharmaceutical companies receive full payment only if their medication achieves predetermined efficacy targets
Subscription models, where healthcare systems pay a fixed annual fee for unlimited access to a company's medication portfolio
Tiered pricing systems, where medication costs vary based on a patient's income level and insurance coverage