Which mathematical technique revolutionized retail customer analytics by enabling businesses to identify hidden patterns in large customer datasets without requiring predefined classes?

The intersection of mathematics and retail analytics has transformed how businesses understand customer behavior. Over the decades, mathematical models have become increasingly sophisticated in predicting purchase patterns and optimizing retail operations. This trivia question explores a key development in how mathematical modeling revolutionized retail customer analytics.

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Unsupervised learning algorithms (particularly cluster analysis)
Bayesian inference models
Monte Carlo simulations
Markov chain analysis